systemic
a word used to describe conditions that affect the entire body. Diabetes is a systemic disease because it involves many parts of the body such as the pancreas, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves.
shock
a severe condition that disturbs the body. A person with diabetes can go into shock when the level of blood glucose (sugar) drops suddenly. See also: insulin shock.
saturated fat
is fat that consists of triglycerides containing only saturated fatty acid radicals. There are several kinds of naturally-occurring saturated fatty acids, which differ by the number of carbon atoms, ranging from 3 carbons (Propionic Acid) to 36 (Hexatriacontanoic acid). Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain and are thus fully saturated with hydrogen atoms.
stroke
condition caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain; may cause loss of ability to speak or to move parts of the body.
syringe
(suh-RINJ):
a device used to inject medications or other liquids into body tissues. The syringe for insulin has a hollow plastic tube with a plunger inside and a needle on the end.
syndrome x
see insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome.
sulfonylurea
(sul-fah-nil-yoo-REE-ah):
a class of oral medicine for type 2 diabetes that lowers blood glucose by helping the pancreas make more insulin and by helping the body better use the insulin it makes. (Generic names: acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide.)
sugar diabetes
former term for diabetes mellitus.
sugar alcohols
sweeteners that produce a smaller rise in blood glucose than other carbohydrates. Their calorie content is about 2 calories per gram. Includes erythritol, hydrogenated starch hydrolysates, isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol. Also known as polyols (PAH-lee-alls.)
sugar
1. A class of carbohydrates with a sweet taste; includes glucose, fructose, and sucrose. 2. A term used to refer to blood glucose.
sucrose
a two-part sugar made of glucose and fructose. Known as table sugar or white sugar, it is found naturally in sugar cane and in beets.
subcutaneous injection
(sub-kyoo-TAY-nee-us):
putting a fluid into the tissue under the skin with a needle and syringe.
saccharin
(SAK-ah-rin):
a sweetener with no calories and no nutritional value.
Starlix
see nateglinide.
starch
another name for carbohydrate, one of the three main nutrients in food.
split mixed dose
division of a prescribed daily dose of insulin into two or more injections given over the course of the day.
sorbitol
(SORE-bih-tall):
1. A sugar alcohol (sweetener) with 2.6 calories per gram. 2. A substance produced by the body in people with diabetes that can cause damage to the eyes and nerves.
Somogyi effect, also called rebound hyperglycemia:
(suh-MOH-jee):
when the blood glucose level swings high following hypoglycemia. The Somogyi effect may follow an untreated hypoglycemic episode during the night and is caused by the release of stress hormones.
sliding scale
a set of instructions for adjusting insulin on the basis of blood glucose test results, meals, or activity levels.
side effects
the unintended action(s) of a drug.
short-acting insulin
a type of insulin that starts to lower blood glucose within 30 minutes after injection and has its strongest effect 2 to 5 hours after injection. See regular insulin.
sharps container
a container for disposal of used needles and syringes; often made of hard plastic so that needles cannot poke through.
self-management
in diabetes, the ongoing process of managing diabetes. Includes meal planning, planned physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, taking diabetes medicines, handling episodes of illness and of low and high blood glucose, managing diabetes when traveling, and more. The person with diabetes designs his or her own self-management treatment plan in consultation with a variety of health care professionals such as doctors, nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and others.
secondary diabetes
a type of diabetes caused by another disease or certain drugs or chemicals.