Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes that can lead to diabetic coma or even death. DKA occurs when dangerously high levels of ketones (acids) accumulate in the blood. But, if caught early, it is very treatable.
Not too long ago, it was believed that DKA only happened to people with type 1 diabetes. Since then, it has been discovered that it can also occur in people with type 2 diabetes as well, particularly in African American and Hispanic populations.
But researchers have also discovered that DKA very rarely strikes without warning, but it can develop quickly, within 24 hours. Almost always, something else occurs first to set it off.
What Causes Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
DKA in type 2 diabetes seems to occur when there is less insulin available in the body and more glucagon (a hormone that helps maintain blood sugar levels) and other hormones. This combination results from reaction in the body to stress from a major infection such as a urinary tract infection; a severe illness such as pneumonia; or an interruption in the blood supply such as that which causes a heart attack.
When too little insulin is available, the amount of glucose in the bloodstream increases and speeds up the breakdown of fat. As the fat breaks down, the body increases the amount of glucagon and fatty acids, which then turn into ketones. Too many ketones can poison the body and lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
What Are the Symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
If you have been ill or have had an infection, DKA can develop, so watch for these signs:
- Dehydration and increased urination
- Nausea and vomiting for no apparent cause
- Fruity-smelling breath
- Deep, rapid breathing, punctuated by frequent sighs
- Rapid heart beat
- Confusion
- Blood sugar of 300 mg/dl
- Ketones in the urine
If you do not treat DKA quickly, it can lead to a coma and even death.
How Can You Treat Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
Ask your doctor if you can do anything to treat DKA at home.
To treat DKA quickly, doctors use a saline solution to promote hydration, a small dose of insulin to raise insulin levels, and intravenous potassium to restore potassium levels.
If you have type 2 diabetes and have experienced diabetic ketoacidosis, your doctor might place you on insulin therapy to ensure your body maintains adequate levels. Then, once your blood sugar levels fall within the recommended range, your doctor might try to replace the insulin with a diabetes pill.
How Can You Prevent Diabetic Ketoacidosis?
Find out if you have diabetes, and if you do, monitor your blood sugar levels and keep them in the range recommended by your doctor. If you are ill, stressed, had surgery or injured, check your blood glucose more frequently. Check ketones in your urine.
